Britain slavery reparations Oct 3, 2024 · LONDON, Oct 3 (Reuters) - Caribbean leaders hope that Britain under its new Labour government might shift its long-standing position on slavery reparations and agree to discuss how to address past Oct 26, 2024 · Commonwealth leaders have agreed the "time has come" for a conversation about reparations for the slave trade, despite the UK's desire to keep the subject off the agenda at a two-day summit in Samoa. LONDON, - Britain will not bring the issue of reparations for historical transatlantic slavery to the table at a meeting of Commonwealth nations that began in Samoa on Monday, but is open to Oct 24, 2024 · Keir Starmer is facing a growing clamour for Britain to pay slavery reparations, which some estimates say could exceed £200 billion. The UK has never formally apologised for its role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which enriched many individuals and companies. There had already been a rejection of reparations over slavery, but 10 Downing Oct 1, 2015 · The reparations for slavery debate is different. April 26, 2023 5:08 AM ET. K. However, British Chancellor Rachel Reeves warned on Thursday that paying monetary reparations would cripple Britain economically. Other countries did the same during the 19th century, ending Oct 21, 2024 · LONDON – Britain will not bring the issue of reparations for historical transatlantic slavery to the table at a meeting of Commonwealth nations that began in Samoa on Oct 21, but is open to Oct 19, 2024 · No apology over Britain's historic links to the slave trade at the Commonwealth summit, says 10 Downing Street. In September 2024, USPG launched a ten- to 15-year project of reparatory justice in Barbados: Renewal and Reconciliation: The Codrington Reparations Project. They will probably go into a recession with Covid and Brexit Apr 25, 2024 · In Reparations Now! he makes a specific and practical proposal regarding reparations, picking up on the programme suggested by Caribbean countries (through CARICOM), and taking as a starting point the nearly £20 million paid as compensation by the British government at abolition, not to those who had suffered slavery, but to those who lost Nov 5, 2024 · The call for slavery reparations cannot be ignored The Labour leadership’s refusal to even consider the widely accepted case for Britain to pay reparations for its part in the transatlantic slave trade is a sign of its imperialist worldview, writes CLAUDIA WEBBE Oct 25, 2024 · A confrontation for Britain over its role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade appeared increasingly likely to feature at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, after Caribbean leaders said they would thrust the matter of financial reparations into the spotlight at the event. Britain, and the British royal family in particular, profited from the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. My slavery link to MP Nov 4, 2024 · LAGOS, Nigeria (AP) — Britain’s foreign secretary said Monday that reparations for the U. 's role in the slave trade are not about the “transfer of cash” and reiterated his country's position that leans toward Reparations campaigners claim slavery financed the industrial revolution. There had already been a rejection of reparations over slavery, but 10 Downing Oct 25, 2024 · LONDON (AP) — A debate about reparations for Britain’s role in the slave trade overshadowed a summit in Samoa of the Commonwealth, many of whose member nations were once British colonies. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has refused to apologise for Britain’s role in the slave trade, but civil society is Mar 21, 2024 · Abstract. Not a penny was paid to those who were enslaved and An abolitionist movement grew in Britain during the 18th and 19th century, until the Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire, but it was not until 1937 that the trade of slaves was made illegal throughout the British Empire, with Nigeria and Bahrain being the last British territories to abolish slavery. Jan 6, 2025 · The case for reparations gains plausibility by belittling the 50-year-long struggle by British abolitionists to end slavery within the British empire, and by obscuring its context: namely, that slavery, in one form or another, was a universal institution, practised since the dawn of history on every continent by people of every skin colour. IE 11 is not supported. There are familiar objections to the very idea of making reparations: ‘It was a long time ago’; ‘slavery was legal back then’, etc. A group of 15 Caribbean governments, as part of the Caribbean Community or ‘Caricom’ organisation, have all agreed to table reparations on the Chgom Apr 26, 2023 · Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has dismissed a call for the government to apologise and pay reparations for the UK's historical role in slavery. government's Nov 4, 2024 · Britain’s Foreign Secretary David Lammy says reparations for the U. Oct 31, 2024 · The region — comprising about a dozen independent nations, along with African powerhouses like Nigeria and Ghana, as well as Pacific nations with links to slavery — had held a strong unified position, demanding that Britain own up to the horrors of slavery and be prepared to not only apologize for its role, but also shell out monetary compensation and consider debt write-offs at future forums. Oct 25, 2024 · King Charles made a speech in Samoa at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on Friday, Oct. Jun 9, 2020 · It's hard to believe but it was only in 2015 that, according to the Treasury, British taxpayers finished 'paying off' the debt which the British government incurred in order to compensate British slave owners in 1835 because of the abolition of slavery. At the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Samoa, a Oct 14, 2024 · Keir Starmer has faced renewed calls for Britain to pay slavery reparations which could far exceed £200 billion as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (Chgom) in Samoa gets underway. to pay slavery reparations of $240 billion at the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Samoa on Oct. Exclusive: Bell Ribeiro-Addy, chair of the cross-party group on reparations, said UK had a Oct 11, 2020 · Priya Satia, professor of British history at Stanford University, told Quartz that while carrying out research in Birmingham—a city with a large Black and south Asian population—she realized many people, even those whose ancestors were subjected to slavery and colonialism, have not necessarily been taught enough of its history to be able to Download Citation | Britain's Slavery Debt: Reparations Now! | This book argues that Britain owes reparations to the Caribbean. Oct 23, 2024 · The leaders of the Commonwealth grouping of nations met on Thursday ahead of a summit in the South Pacific nation of Samoa that will feature talks on climate change and the question of reparations Oct 24, 2024 · “The British Empire became synonymous with the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery. Doesn’t that earn us some credit?”“No. Britain insists it will not pay to make amends for the historic wrong, but both King Charles III and Prime Minister Keir Starmer addressed the issue In 2012, the Jamaican Government revived its reparations commission to consider whether the country should seek an apology or reparations from Britain for its role in the slave trade. Aug 21, 2020 · Slave owners were paid compensation by the British government after slavery was abolished, but there's now debate over whether people whose ancestors were slaves, should be given money to say Sep 16, 2022 · As slavery ended throughout the British Empire in the 19th century, The United Kingdom took out a loan to pay reparations to slave owners in 1833 and only paid off the debt in 2015. com. Britain insists it Oct 21, 2024 · Britain will not bring the issue of reparations for historical transatlantic slavery to the table at a meeting of Commonwealth nations that began in Samoa on Monday, but is open to engage with Oct 26, 2024 · Commonwealth leaders, ending a week-long summit in Samoa, said on Saturday the time had come for a discussion on whether Britain should commit to reparations for its role in the transatlantic Aug 23, 2023 · A UN judge says the UK is likely to owe more than £18tn in reparations for its historical role in slavery. Slavery reparations and country relations He noted that UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer and UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves have both stated that the UK will not Apr 10, 2024 · In Reparations Now! he makes a specific and practical proposal regarding reparations, picking up on the programme suggested by Caribbean countries (through CARICOM), and taking as a starting point the nearly £20 million paid as compensation by the British government at abolition, not to those who had suffered slavery, but to those who lost . As part of that law, British plantation owners were paid for the loss of their Jan 13, 2024 · ‘More mainstream’: In the UK, push for slavery reparations gains momentum. ), LL. It makes sense, especially when we look at the current socioeconomic conditions in the countries Britain occupied. The British government allocated £20m – the Oct 21, 2023 · Britain risks being ‘left in the cold’ by ignoring demands for slavery reparations, MP warns. But the UK and its monarchy have refused to compensate the former colonial nations for the historical injustice. Oct 24, 2024 · Britain also had a key role in ending the trade, through Parliament's passage of a law to abolish slavery in 1833. The historical K eir Starmer has faced renewed calls for Britain to pay slavery reparations which could far exceed £200 billion as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (Chgom) in Samoa gets underway. 's role in the slave trade are not about the "transfer of cash" and reiterated his country's position that leans toward Jan 26, 2024 · Ahmad contrasted the demand for reparations for slavery with the money given by the British government to victims of the Windrush scandal, after it was revealed that thousands of people from the Oct 25, 2024 · Critics want Britain to reckon with slavery Britain's handling of its involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade is seen by many as a litmus test for the Commonwealth's adaptation to a modern Should Britain pay reparations for colonialism & slavery? Rafe Heydel-Mankoo FRCGS, BA (Hons. Oct 24, 2024 · Calls for the UK to provide reparations for its historical role in the slave trade have reignited ahead of a meeting of Commonwealth countries on Friday. Oct 26, 2024 · The Commonwealth has survived, much against the odds, for 75 years as a consensual relationship among countries which were, mainly, the victims of British colonialism. Oct 24, 2024 · Britain's leaders will likely face uncomfortable questions about reparations for the trans-Atlantic slave trade at a summit of nations it once colonized, after Caribbean leaders said they would Oct 23, 2024 · Downing Street has also said Sir Keir will not be apologising for Britain's role in the transatlantic slave trade, and reparations will not be on the summit agenda. Oct 21, 2024 · Commonwealth leaders are set to elect a new head of the organisation who favours Britain being made to pay slavery and climate reparations. This has been the position of successive UK governments, which have never formally apologised for Britain’s role in the slave trade. He concludes that Britain has a case of reparations to answer which the Caribbean should litigate. Oct 24, 2024 · Downing Street has repeatedly insisted “we do not pay reparations” and “won’t be offering an apology” when asked over the past two weeks about the renewed calls from Caribbean nations. For an optimal experience Oct 24, 2024 · WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) — Britain's leaders will likely face uncomfortable questions about reparations for the trans-Atlantic slave trade at a summit of nations it once colonized, after Oct 7, 2021 · Slavery on an industrial scale was a major source of the wealth of the British empire, being the exploitation upon which the West Indies sugar trade and cotton crop in North America was based. Oct 25, 2024 · Calls for the UK to pay slavery reparations have grown louder in recent years. c. Oct 25, 2024 · LONDON (AP) — A debate about reparations for Britain’s role in the slave trade overshadowed a summit in Samoa of the Commonwealth, many of whose member nations were once British colonies. Labour MP Bell Ribeiro-Addy asked if he would make a Aug 23, 2024 · The Revd Dr Duncan Dormor is the General Secretary of the USPG. Sep 8, 2023 · More than 100 of Britain’s most distinguished families have signed up to a campaign to provide reparations for slavery, it can be revealed. A group of 15 Caribbean governments, as part of the Caribbean Community or ‘Caricom’ organisation, have all agreed to table reparations on the Chgom Oct 25, 2024 · LONDON (AP) — A debate about reparations for Britain’s role in the slave trade overshadowed a summit in Samoa of the Commonwealth, many of whose member nations were once British colonies. Oct 24, 2024 · Commonwealth heads of government are preparing to defy the United Kingdom and agree plans to examine reparatory justice for the transatlantic slave trade, the BBC has learned. I don’t see Britain paying off anything for a while though. Oct 24, 2024 · A confrontation for Britain over its role in the trans-Atlantic slave trade appears increasingly likely to feature at a summit of nations its empire once colonized, after Caribbean leaders said they would thrust the matter of financial reparations into the spotlight at the event in Samoa. The case depends on an historical and a moral claim. . 21. The transatlantic trade was at the very height of its commercial success and economic significance at that time, and yet, though it was long in coming, abolition occurred within the lifetime of some of the early campaigners. 's role in the slave trade are not about the “transfer of cash” and reiterated his country's position that leans toward Most important for supporters of transatlantic slavery reparations, however, is the injustice of the compensation of between £16 billion and £17 billion given to 46,000 British slave owners in 1834, one year after the British abolition of slavery, while the freed slaves received nothing [Ref: The Guardian]. Abolition meant their profiteering from human misery would (gradually) come to an end. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. [69] The opposition cited Britain's role in abolishing the slave trade as a reason that Britain should issue no reparations. The UCL database contains some evidence of direct investment: former slave owners put money into the Great Western Railway Jul 12, 2021 · Jamaica plans to ask Britain for compensation for the Atlantic slave trade in the former British colony, a senior government official said, under a petition that could seek billions of pounds in Feb 26, 2021 · British ‘reparations’ French slave owners weren’t the only ones to receive payment for lost revenue, their British counterparts did too – but this time from their own government. A group of 15 Caribbean governments, as part of the Caribbean Community or ‘Caricom’ organisation, have all agreed to table reparations on the Chgom Oct 19, 2024 · No apology over Britain's historic links to the slave trade at the Commonwealth summit, says 10 Downing Street. Oct 25, 2024 · The demand for former colonial powers such as Britain to pay reparations for slavery and its legacies today has gained greater momentum worldwide. Sep 1, 2023 · The wealth created by the slave trade and the plantations continues to shape British society to this day and, in some cases, remains in the hands of families whose ancestors were involved in Mar 14, 2013 · Weaving detailed historical data on Caribbean slavery and the transatlantic slave trade together with legal principles and the politics of postcolonialism, Beckles sets out a solid academic analysis of the evidence. Nov 21, 2024 · On whether or not Britain should pay reparations for colonialism, Chitiyo said this is a complex issue and is part of a wider global debate on slavery and colonialism. Oct 25, 2024 · An advocate for slavery reparations suggests King Charles cannot offer an apology for Britain's role in slavery due to the constraints of his constitutional monarchy and the U. In 2021, the Jamaican government The Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slave-ownership was created to research the effects of slavery on British history, including the Slave Compensation Act of 1837. Britain also had a key role in Jun 28, 2020 · Reparations campaigners claim slavery financed the industrial revolution. As leaders of countries linked to Britain raise the issue of reparations for slavery, the Oct 26, 2024 · Commonwealth leaders have agreed to consider reparations for the historic slave trade despite the UK government’s attempts to ignore their demands in the run-up to the biennial gathering of the Oct 22, 2024 · Britain will not bring the issue of reparations for historical transatlantic slavery to the table at a meeting of Commonwealth nations that began in Samoa on Monday, but is open to engage with leaders who want to discuss it. Nov 4, 2024 · Britain’s foreign secretary said Monday that reparations for the U. The British abolished slavery in the 1830s, emancipating those who had been enslaved. The UCL database contains some evidence of direct investment: former slave owners put money into the Great Western Railway, for instance. Oct 28, 2024 · The leaders of former British colonies, especially in the Caribbean, are demanding that Britain pay reparations for slavery. Britain's Slavery Debt: Reparations Now! Oct 21, 2024 · LONDON (Reuters) - Britain will not bring the issue of reparations for historical transatlantic slavery to the table at a meeting of Commonwealth nations that began in Samoa on Monday, but is open Oct 25, 2024 · A debate about reparations for Britain’s role in the slave trade overshadowed a summit in Samoa of the Commonwealth, many of whose member nations were once British colonies. B, MA, is an award-winning historian, author and broadcast Oct 25, 2024 · Discussions on reparations for transatlantic slavery and colonialism are gaining momentum, with Caribbean and African nations calling on former colonial powers to engage on the issue. ’s role in the slave trade are not about the “transfer of cash” and reiterated his country’s position that leans toward focusing on the future. Jul 28, 2020 · In Britain, as in the United States, the anti-racism protests that have erupted since the police killing of George Floyd in late May have reinvigorated campaigns for reparations for slavery. Leaders and officials from 56 countries with roots in Britain's former empire will attend this week the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in the Pacific Oct 25, 2024 · A handful of nations have apologised for their role in slavery, including the Netherlands. Oct 21, 2024 · Britain will not bring the issue of reparations for historical transatlantic slavery to the table at a meeting of Commonwealth nations that began in Samoa on Monday, but is open to engage with leaders who want to discuss it. This book argues that Britain owes reparations to the Caribbean. 99 (978-0-19-888944-1) Church Times Bookshop £13. Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807 but did not legislate to emancipate slaves in its territories until 1833. Britain insists it will not pay to make amends for the historic wrong, but both King Charles III and Prime Minister Keir Starmer addressed the issue Jan 1, 2013 · After surveying the principles and politics of reparations, he narrates such topics as the British genocide of the Caribbean indigenous population, the slave trade to the Caribbean, the legal classification of “slave” in England, slave owners in Parliament and the private sector, and the reparations awarded slaveholders in 1838. The slave trade was abolished by Britain's parliament in 1807. The gathering will be the first time that Charles has presided over a meeting of the Commonwealth, an informal club of some 56 nations broadly linked through colonial-era Oct 24, 2024 · Culture Secretary Lisa Nandy said the UK had heard calls for slavery reparations "loud and clear" but that prime minister was "right" to "focus on the future". Heirs of Slavery was founded by Laura Trevelyan, the Oct 25, 2024 · LONDON (AP) — A debate about reparations for Britain’s role in the slave trade overshadowed a summit in Samoa of the Commonwealth, many of whose member nations were once British colonies. Those who made money from it were not only the slave-owners, but also the investors in those who transported Africans to enslavement. An act of emancipation Oct 24, 2024 · The British government and the monarchy were prominent participants in the centuries-long slave trade from 1500, alongside other European nations, with millions of Africans forced to work on Nov 4, 2024 · Britain's foreign secretary said Monday that reparations for the U. 's role in the slave trade are not about the “transfer of cash” and reiterated his country's Oct 26, 2024 · Commonwealth leaders, ending a week-long summit in Samoa, said on Saturday the time had come for a discussion on whether Britain should commit to reparations for its role in the transatlantic Oct 24, 2024 · Commonwealth leaders at the Samoa summit are expected to defy the UK and debate ways of securing reparations for historical slavery. It's not exactly ancient history, and British taxes paid off slave owners for a very long time. would pay reparations for slavery and reform the international system of finance by making it easier for developing countries to establish international credit without extortionate conditions. Oct 24, 2024 · Also on the agenda is a push for Britain to pay reparations or make other amends for transatlantic slavery, a long-standing demand that has recently gained momentum worldwide, particularly among Oct 26, 2024 · MALUA, Samoa — Britain’s former colonies agreed “the time has come” for a conversation about reparatory justice for the slave trade, after a row over the issue dominated the Commonwealth’s biennial summit. The historical claim is that the exploitation of generations of the islands’ inhabitants under slavery and colonialism wronged those people while enriching Britain—and crucially that, as we are the inheritors of these riches, so present generations in the Oct 13, 2024 · Slavery payment part of ‘global reset’King Charles and British PM Keir Starmer will face demands for the U. A report co-authored by the judge, Patrick Robinson, says the UK should pay $24tn (£18 Oct 24, 2024 · Keir Starmer has faced renewed calls for Britain to pay slavery reparations which could far exceed £200 billion as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (Chgom) in Samoa gets underway. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. The Legacies of British Slave-ownership Oct 24, 2024 · When the UK abolished slavery through the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, compensation was paid not to the freed slaves but to the slave owners. Sep 11, 2024 · All three candidates running to become the next secretary-general of the Commonwealth, a 56-nation club headed by Britain's King Charles, said on Wednesday they supported reparations for The irony is that the realists of the 1770s scoffed at the notion that slavery and the slave trade would be abolished. And many slave owning families only just finished being repaid by the state in 2015 for their 'loss' whereas actual slaves and their descendents got nothing to help start a life from extremely difficult circumstances. We know that Quakers are not alone in considering historical injustice and reparations, and we do not need to begin this work afresh. Having Oct 26, 2024 · The push for ex-colonial powers such as Britain to pay reparations or make other amends for slavery and its legacies has gained momentum worldwide, particularly among the Caribbean Community and Oct 17, 2024 · Sir Jacob Rees-Mogg delved into the debate surrounding reparations to former British territories by suggesting that countries involved in slavery should be paying us. 73) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in most parts of the British Empire. The amount Apr 26, 2023 · British aristocrats ask King Charles to join a slavery reparations movement. Apr 26, 2023 · Laura Trevelyan, former BBC journalist and reparations campaigner, said she welcomed Mr Sunak's "commitment to understanding Britain's history and not running away from it". Another portion of slave wealth simply paid for recipients to live comfortably without working. ”@AfNeil challenges Profess Jan 3, 2023 · Just 24% of white people said that they supported the UK government paying reparations to Black people living in Britain who are the descendants of former slaves, but 61% of Black people backed Based on anthropological research and interviews I conducted with members of National Council for Reparations in Kingston in 2014 and 2017, I analyse how they trace back the legacies of slavery and compensation, link them to current social conditions, and generate a political agenda on behalf of reparations, addressing foremost the British Oct 24, 2024 · Keir Starmer has faced renewed calls for Britain to pay slavery reparations which could far exceed £200 billion as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (Chgom) in Samoa gets underway. 49 Mar 21, 2024 · Racism was the enabling doctrine for slavery and colonialism, and racism is a part of its history which Britain has failed to confront. University College London set up a project called Legacies of British Slave-ownership which aims to list the individuals who received compensation. Dec 17, 2023 · The call for reparations from nations in which chattel slavery operated is not new - intellectually it is as old as the end of the trade itself in the 19th century. Feb 25, 2013 · After surveying the principles and politics of reparations, he narrates such topics as the British genocide of the Caribbean indigenous population, the slave trade to the Caribbean, the legal classification of “slave” in England, slave owners in Parliament and the private sector, and the reparations awarded slaveholders in 1838. 4. 25. Oct 23, 2024 · Sir Keir's government has ruled out making slavery reparations, continuing a longstanding British stance on the subject. Sir Keir Starmer will have to face down calls for the Oct 24, 2024 · Also on the agenda is a push for Britain to pay reparations for transatlantic slavery, a long-standing issue that has recently been gaining momentum worldwide, particularly those part of the Nov 7, 2024 · We only hear about this one, because calls for slavery reparations were already fashionable among Britain’s own domestic cultural elites. Britain’s Slavery Debt: Reparations now! Michael Banner OUP £14. At its height, Britain was the world's biggest slave-trading Oct 6, 2020 · British reparations would not be straightforward. Colonialism itself was broad and complex, and its modern-day outcomes are not easily disentangled. for its historical role in the slave trade. com Aug 23, 2023 · A UN judge says the UK is likely to owe more than £18tn in reparations for its historical role in slavery. A pro-reparations position is way to signal agreement with the fashionable anti-capitalist idea that the wealth of the Western world was built on slavery and colonial exploitation. Soon after the Second World War, former British colonies across Asia, Africa and the Caribbean started gaining their Mar 31, 2022 · Many supporters of transatlantic slavery reparations make the point that slave owners were given substantial compensation as part of the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, which ended legal Oct 24, 2024 · Keir Starmer has faced renewed calls for Britain to pay slavery reparations which could far exceed £200 billion as the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (Chgom) in Samoa gets underway. Should money be paid to past victims of slavery? Sunak rejects call to say May 4, 2016 · Not only has Britain yet to formally apologize for its role in perpetuating slavery, but there is a perfectly legitimate, moral, and legal argument to suggest that Britain ought to pay reparations to those peoples affected. Building connections with others working on reparations, and with communities affected by the legacy of the transatlantic slave trade is a key part of making meaningful reparations. Oct 25, 2024 · This would fall short of the demands many have made. See full list on usatoday. Nov 5, 2024 · Britain’s foreign secretary said Monday that reparations for the U. 's role in the slave trade are not about the “transfer of cash” and reiterated his country's position that leans toward Oct 25, 2024 · King Charles III has told a summit of Commonwealth countries in Samoa that the past could not be changed as he indirectly acknowledged calls from some of Britain's former colonies for a reckoning Jul 25, 2024 · Britain's Slavery Debt: Reparations Now! [Banner, Michael] on Amazon. In Britain, this has opened the Pandora's Box In Greek mythology, Pandora is given a box by the gods containing all the evils in the world and told not to open it. Apr 25, 2024 · In Reparations Now! he makes a specific and practical proposal regarding reparations, picking up on the programme suggested by Caribbean countries (through CARICOM), and taking as a starting point the nearly £20 million paid as compensation by the British government at abolition, not to those who had suffered slavery, but to those who lost Oct 30, 2024 · Instead, he was immediately confronted with the demand that Britain offer reparations Providing payment to make amends for a wrongdoing. I wish Britain, France, etc. helf yxikmuw ysooood froof una lgzni mzhef kytohov ncy svow qfd jfdvdd zjnmae wviidkd fukoz